OF TWO MINDS:   The Nature of Inquiry

contents


Introduction:  The Mind's Own Method   1
PART I

INQUIRY WRIT LARGE:  Scientific Discovery


 1   Full Circle:  The Return to Discovery    11
Method without Novelty   12
Novelty without Method   15
 2   The Logic of Correction   17
Correction vs. Elimination   17
Correction by Means of Elimination?   18
Composite Responses and Partial Successes   22
The Black Box Principle   24
Toward a Logic of Discovery   30
3   Generating Explanations from Facts    35
Initial Hypothesis   36
Predicted Observations   37
Contrasted Actual Observations   37
Proposed Hypothesis   40
Determination of Explanatory Power   45
4   Generating Facts from Explanations    53
Initial Observations   54
Proposed Hypothesis   55
Contrasted Explanatory Hypothesis   55
Predicted Observations   56
Determination of Factuality   57
5   Novelty and Method:  Remarried    59
The First Principle of Inquiry   59
Ampliative Inference   60
The Regulative Principle of Correction   63
6   Maps of Discovery    65
The Second Principle of Inquiry   65
First-Order Maps   65
Generation and Confirmation in Maps   65
Second-Order Maps   67
Second-Order Justification   70
The Relativity of Result and the Scope of Inquiry   72
Quantitative Variation and Intelligent Inquiry   75
7   Reciprocal Justification:  Stability without Foundations    77
The Third Principle of Inquiry   77
Some Earlier Views   80
Reflective Equilibrium   83
Neither Foundations nor Coherence   85
Reciprocal Justification with Epistemic Privilege   87
The Revisability of Observation Reports   90
Reciprocal Justification at Different Cognitive Levels   92
The Generality of Correction Theory   93
8   Discovery and the Philosophy of Science I:  Enemies of Correction    97
Partial Successes and Evolution   98
Evolutionary Epistemology I:  Karl Popper   100
Evolutionary Epistemology II:  Donald Campbell   108
9   Discovery and the Philosophy of Science II:  Friends of Correction    117
Abductive Inference:  C. S. Peirce and N. R. Hanson   117
Computer Modeling of Discovery:  Herbert Simon   130
Generative Justification:  Thomas Nickles   136

PART II

REPRESENTATION:  Analog Maps and Digital Rules


10   Analog Maps    155
Mental Imagery and Analog "Representation"   157
Resemblance   160
Continuity   162
Density   162
Seriality   165
The Digital and the Sequential   170
Relational Identity   171
The Analog beyond Mental Imagery   174
Conclusion   176
11   Digital Rules    179
Analog Maps:  Representing as Reproducing   180
Digital Rules:  Representing as Encoding   181
Representational Incompleteness   185
Levels of Representation   187
Qualitative and Quantitative Rules   188
Half-Levels of Representation   189
Abstract Models   195
Conclusion   198
12   The Calculus of Perception    199
Representation and Transduction   200
Perception without Background Knowledge   202
Representation Mistaken for Transduction   205
Representation and Perceptual Inference   207
Conclusion   210
13   Unarticulated Meaning    213
Meaning, Articulation and Formulation   214
Prior Acquaintance   216
At What Level of Cognition Does Meaning Exist?   217
Meanings of Abstract Concepts   222

PART III

INQUIRY AND THE MIND:  The Articulation of Meaning


14   Saying What We Mean    227
Initial Expression   228
Proposed Meaning   228
Contrasted Actual Meaning   229
Proposed Expression   238
Determination of Articulateness   238
15   Meaning What We Say    241
Initial Meaning   242
Proposed Expression   242
Contrasted Articulate Expression   242
Proposed Meaning   243
Determination of Actuality   243
Second-Order Maps   243
Metaphor and Inquiry   245
16   Inquiry and Philosophy I:  Plato's Paradox    249
Platonic Inquiry   249
"Knowing" and "Not Knowing" in the Theaetetus   250
"Knowing That" and "Knowing Why"   253
"Knowing" and "Not Knowing" in the Meno   257
Levels of "Knowing That" and "Knowing Why"   260
The Structure of Inquiry in the Platonic Dialogues   268
17  Inquiry and Philosophy II:  Kant and the Perfection of Cognition    275
The Informativeness of Propositions   276
Kantian Analysis and the "Improvement" of Form   277
The Paradox of Analysis   280
The Fruits of Analysis:  Genera   284
Genera as Rules   284
Analysis and Synthesis of Mathematical Concepts   288
Analysis and Reason in the Perfection of Cognition   291
Conclusion   296
18   Inquiry and Philosophy III:  Hegel's Dialectical Logic    299
Dialectic and Definition   300
Dialectic and Ampliative Inference   301
Dialectic as Correction   309
The Category-Dependence of the Standard   313
Contradiction   317
Dialectic and Scientific Inference   319

PART IV

OF TWO MINDS:  Inquiry and Human Consciousness


19   The Dialogue of the Soul with Itself    329
Two Models of Inner Speech   329
A Conversation between Cognitively Different Partners   332
Talking to Ourselves:  Earlier Views   335
Self-Consciousness   347
Other "Dialogues"   356
Hearing the Inner Voice   360
Conclusion   362
20   The Roots of Duality    365
Feeling and Representation   365
Epistemology with Feeling   367
The Duality   372
Postscript:  En Route to Knowledge    375